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UNDP Participation

Let's talk about Direct Democracy and Decentralization and Participatory ragionamentimtratti the Program with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the highest international authority for the analysis of the mechanisms of human development, to which we do research so Reference for our political beliefs.

UNDP emphasizes decentralization as the first will always encourage popular participation in politics and it always produces positive effects on development in that there is a close relationship between democracy and human development. The more a country is democratic, says the UNDP, the greater the likelihood that the country is developed and, on the other hand, the effectiveness of democracy depends directly on the decentralization of power. The UNDP
recipe for development is therefore simple: decentralization in order to participate, participate to increase the well-being. No coincidence that the known international institution dedicated many studies (from its 4 th annual report, 1993) to the theme of decentralization and popular participation in political activity, constantly stressing the beneficial effects of decentralization and popular participation in human development.
course, the UNDP points out, "if devolution did not take the form of reduced levels of concentration and delegation, the government will maintain effective control and is unlikely to result in an increase in political participation. (...) The power may be entrusted to local non-democratic institutions that encourage popular participation ", also often" the central government retains a strong political control "for example where the power entrusted to local authorities is managed locally by people appointed from above.
In any event, the UNDP points out that all the positive aspects of decentralization (which we denote briefly below) "are expressed only in the presence of a genuine decentralization and really democratic structures."
Also remember that, in light of research conducted by the UNDP, "an effective decentralization is impossible without a real reform of the existing power structures. If the power remains concentrated in the hands of an elite (...) there is a risk that decentralization gives more power elite rather that the people ". Basic
finally the key role that local politics can play in non-governmental organizations.
addition to participating in the decentralization policy also aims to promote economic participation and "facilitates local business activity and increasing employment levels in different ways. (...) The construction and maintenance of local infrastructure tends to work directly with local businesses and the workforce. (...) The local authorities are generally able to provide better support to local businesses by providing management assistance and market information more appropriate to local needs. In addition, they are best placed to identify the needs of companies.. "
Economic participation "can be encouraged via decentralized investment strategies to promote small industries and make better use resources, raw materials and skills of local workers."
According to the UNDP decentralization of power is not only one of the best ways to foster political and economic participation but also to improve the efficiency of the public authorities in view of the fact that "local politicians, much more subject to popular control of than it is the central government, are forced to be more accountable for their work communities and persons they serve. "
"Wherever there has been a some form of decentralization, it has generally increased efficiency," as a natural port of "tighter controls and supervision" and best use of local potential.
Furthermore, "the public projects are much more effective and efficient if local communities to which they have a say in their design and execution." At design programs are "better tailored to the needs of the community, are also minor delays due to disputes between the project staff and beneficiaries."
Everything especially when decentralization is real and deep, that when "gives decision-making powers to local government with full autonomy" so that "local government actually has the financial resources and authority to design and implement programs and projects for the development of their area. "
These considerations apply, according to UNDP, not only for developing countries but also for industrialized and not only in strictly economic but also in the most unexpected areas.
The decentralization helps to improve the efficiency in terms of both design and in terms of time and development costs. And this applies not only to public works programs but also for the ordinary public activity. So much so that, to take but one example, that "the involvement of local communities leads to an appreciable reduction in absenteeism of teachers as they increasingly have to account to the local community than they do."
Furthermore, "the involvement of local people (not in centralized facilities) often results in a more appropriate service, and this especially in the health sector, (...) the benefits are distributed more equitably among the population and interventions are the most satisfying to the actual needs community "as" local authorities, being closer to the population and more responsive to their needs, deploy resources more knowledge of the facts heading to human priority areas such as education and healthcare, and more generally in areas most relevant to human development. " According to the UNDP
"a further advantage and sustainable decentralization and popular involvement in the provision of local services is that management and maintenance will be easier and improve service standards.
For these reasons, the UNDP goes even to hope that "the destruction of services Social takes place almost entirely through local hospitals, schools, local welfare services, "regretting that this does not happen in practice" or developed countries or in those developing countries. "

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& L 'Italy follows the' Argentina on the same street

Italy follows Argentina on the same street
An interesting article, indeed a bit dated, downloaded from this web address:
http://www.valori.it/ index.php? option = com_content & task = view & id = 136 & Itemid = 0 ,
The signing of this time comes from 'economic area on the right, good reading, George.

Desmond Lachman, March 16, 2006, signed an article in the Financial Times titled "Italy is following the same road to ruin in Argentina" (Italy FOLLOWS Argentina down road to ruin). The author is a member with Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz and Michael Ledeen of the American Enterprise Institute, a leading right-wing economic think-tank the U.S. and also one of the greatest supporters of the policies of George W. Bush for the first Iraq and now Iran. Lachman was Deputy Director of Policy and Review Department International Monetary Fund, When a man at the summit of international power as Desmond Lachman writes an article, not a clear point of view as happens in a normal democratic debate, but it gives an order into law, it is able to exert undue pressure likely to cause, if necessary, economic or real war in Iraq as military clashes. Why this analogy between the economic situation in Argentina of the nineties and today's Italy? These two countries to "stabilize" their economies with periodic devaluations, which gave their goods more competitive on world markets and inflation acted to dilute the public debt. But in the nineties, Argentina hooked its currency to the dollar. This choice shows that the U.S. currency was too strong compared to the economy of the South American country that entered the a devastating crisis. Italy has made the same choice hooking the Euro, other hard currency, despite a weak economy due to subordinate economic policy choices made by governments that have taken place since the postwar period. After docking with the strong currency, the two countries found themselves faced with a fixed course: to introduce tough reforms to work, "flexibility" exaggerated and generalized insecurity, taxes, directly or indirectly to the debt contract draining resources from the pockets of small savers into the coffers of the bankers of the IMF. A disaster in Argentina has resulted, among other things, the inability for investors to access their deposits. A situation so ironic that he saw the Argentines die of hunger, although the supermarkets full of food. Engagement with the Euro by our country has produced a unique situation: Italy must pay the interest on its huge debt at the European Central Bank, at the same rate imposed by the IMF for the countries of Europe stronger, which offset this mechanism as a money lender with competitive products with high technological content. Italy, which is below 15 points in the competition to Germany, can no longer play the card of the devaluation of the lira and of its production being tied to the euro, he resorts to starvation wages and cutting social spending, thanks to its politicians and business that is firmly to the impositions of the IMF. Helmut Reisen OECD economic analyst, in his report "China's and India's Implications for the World Economy" provides a 15% drop in wages and salaries in Europe and a slight increase in those of Asian countries, with a transfer of resources to profits. This policy of the IMF has forced China in 2005 to a decrease in prices of commodities exported by 25% to offset the increased prices of oil and industrial installations, while creating more social problems in that country which led to a strong Migration to the cities and have seen emerge a strong social opposition, especially in poorer rural areas. The IMF wants to attack the European welfare state, the only alternative to political and social liberal model and offers us as a "cure" the Asian model. Desmond Lachman argues in his article that Italy needs strong reforms, such as those introduced in Argentina by Carlos Menem. According to Lachman, therefore, our Arcore by Carlos Menem has not reformed enough in five years of his government and puts his hands forward with respect to future government of Romano Prodi, in the most intimate to the strong countries of the European economy, Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium, etc.. to stop bear the cost of our debt. It is remarkable that the warning about the debt we come from the United States, which are World record holders of the debt and give you directions to the European Central Bank on the choices to make. With the intervention of Lachman is formalized by the big powers, the creation of a two-speed, as he had predicted Joachim Fels, economist at Morgan Stanley, in an interview on 8 August 2005 at the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Fels considered unlikely "that Italy will come out of the European monetary system of his own. It's more likely that countries that want stability will say: we introduce a new strong currency, which we call Neuro (New Euro). And so the Italians and the others that they dilute the quality and stability of the euro will be left out. " The creation of a two-speed has a clear aim to reduce the political weight of our continent, compared to Anglo-American bloc. The champions of the competition are the first to fight it. After the sale of the nineties of the state-owned industries, the attraction of Italy is still represented by its savings: 140 billion €, which must change hands and the struggle over control of the banks it is the visible part. This ability to save and sound fiscal policy could be the driving force of the revival of research, science-based industrialization advanced, which downloads only the weakest of the cost of this modernization. But this requires a high degree of autonomy in respect of all. We are in politics of the absurd: our country, faithful executor of the directives of the IMF, are criticized from the same just to get the continuation of that disastrous policy with future governments. From these facts show a continuing interference by the bankers and their structures and a basic weakness of institutions and policies in different European countries. In essence, the politicians are incapable of opposing their own policy as an alternative to the International Monetary Fund. It 's like our territory there was a plethora of politicians, intellectuals and economic forces that work against the unity and European values. No one in their political program choices to help stem this dysfunction the democratic system, or indeed any national government, through its Central Bank, becomes a docile instrument of choice as it will only make consenguenza social tensions in our area, see the case of Italian and French, to the benefit of those who want to continue to govern so imperishable the fate of the world without ever being subjected to a healthy and democratic vote. In essence, the lords of the IMF playing card trick: they behave like the King of Lydia in the sixth century BC creators of the coin that was minted in electro, a gold-silver alloy that was to include a 70 per cent of gold, but to a careful examination it was found that in those gold coins there was only 53 percent.
http://www.valori.it/

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L 'Italy is a colony of participatory democracy

turning on the network trying combinations of the Italian economic situation and that the crisis in Argentina a few years ago, I stumbled upon this book, I agree that not everything is written there (guess it's part! ), but surely there are good food for thought. Good reading, George.
http://italia.pravda.ru/italia/5412-8/
Italy and 'a colony?
15.04.2007 Source: Pravda.ru
The media are peddling the image of Italy as a free and democratic country, where the population enjoys political and economic power. But it 's really so '?
The suspicion that the dominant economic-financial elite is appropriate in our country from all points of view and that is driving him to the precipice, he came even to the Financial Times, in an article in the March 16, 2006 wrote that " Italy is following the same path to ruin of Argentina. " The author, Richard Perle, a member of the extreme American right and an avid supporter of George W. Bush, so it's hard to believe that will put a bad light on the ruling elite.
The comparison between Italy and Argentina comes from financial considerations, notably the Italian choice to take the euro as its currency, although the country sentenced to have a weak economy, because of the economic policy choices made by governments, which tend to benefit foreign capital rather than the development of the country, as happens in a colony. Even Argentina, peg their currencies to the dollar, was found to deal with a strong currency, while its economy was in foreign hands. What happened to Argentina is known.
Italian companies have been largely recognized by the big Anglo-American corporation. Today, Italy is the European country less competitive, and that more firms into foreign hands. The International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank are breathing down his neck to control debt payments, ignoring the level of wealth or poverty of Italian citizens. In fact, even to demand payments, the IMF does not hesitate to ask for cuts in public spending (health, education, administration, etc.). And further privatization, worsening conditions in the country.
The main purpose of the IMF (we must remember that it is a financial institution controlled by the Anglo-American Bankers Association) is to impoverish the Italian citizens, in keeping with what is already, in 1998, Zbigniew Brzezinski revealed in his book The Grand Chessboard : American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives. The excessive prosperity of Western Europe, according to Brzezinski, was a serious obstacle, since this level of wealth was higher than that of the average American citizens, and being regarded as an American protectorate of Europe, this was unacceptable.
Europe has a fundamental position of strength for America's geo-strategic. The Atlantic Alliance authorizing America to have political influence and military weight in mainland Europe ... if you grow up, they will benefit directly the influence of American ... Western Europe is largely an American protectorate and its vassals and were reminded Paying tribute to the old empires ... Europe needs to solve the problem caused by its social redistribution system that is too heavy and hampers its ability to initiatives.
Europe was to be indebted and impoverished that would impose U.S. domination over the whole Eurasia. Urgent impoverish the middle class, and what has happened in Italy in part because of the Biagi Law, which legalizes labor exploitation. The rest did the banking system, the dictatorship imposed on the Third World (which has forced millions of people to supply labor semischiavile, lowering labor costs and dismantling the system of rights, the result of political struggles and trade unions), and privatization, promoted by the IMF. Media campaigns are lying to believe that the IMF and the ECB take the "stability" of the country or to the "competitiveness" of Italian companies, as is the exact opposite: want to keep in check the entire country's economy, shrinking with little debt and make it competitive through various strategies.
Our politicians, instead of trying to thwart the power of the IMF, supports him, and touted as fair and authoritative, showing that Italy is also politically subjugated to foreign rule, as a colony. In many ways (privatization, protecting Italian products, agreeing to pay for the rights of seigniorage, foraging private companies, etc.). Our governments work for the economic and financial destruction of our country, and not for our well-being and our values.
The level of poverty in our country increased from 6.5% of population of the nineties, 11, 7% in 2001, up to 12% in 2005. The neoliberal reforms imposed by the IMF Italy have stolen wealth to the middle class and below, to enrich the already rich elites, as demonstrated by the analysis made by the Bank of Italy in the period 1989/1998:
10% of households poor had 2.7% of total income in 1989, while in 1998 this share fell to 2%. 10% of the richest families has instead increased its share from 25.2% to 27.5%. The increase of the Gini index, in 9 years was 11% ... small increases (decreases) of the Gini index cause huge increases (decreases) the gap between the poorest and the richest of all. Today about 20% of the richest families have more than half the country's income while the poorest 20% of Italian households have only about 6%. This explains why the rich Italian families such as Benetton, Pirelli and Falck, is so condescending to the colonization of Italy: this ensures their greater wealth and privilege.
A country is subject to colonial rule when it is not master of his territory and does not choose freely their own political and economic organization. Indigenous rights are subordinated to the colonial interests of the dominant power, which stands above the law. The colonial authorities of the countries require substantial payments, as with the banks holding our debt, which put our authorities to prepare a financial report in order to pay the debt.
debt is actually a form of taxation imposed by banks, engineered so that citizens believe they have received from having to pay something, whereas it is a colonial type of taxation, that is designed to impoverish the people and enrich power system. The debt is so high that Italy imposed in 2002 was equivalent to one third of total public debt of all countries of the European Union (which was 4.7077 trillion euro). Despite the financial maneuvers that have bled the country in January 2007, the debt was yet to 1.6054 trillion. It will never be extinguished, allowing Italy to remain for ever liable banking elite. The financial
also the target of allocating money for participation in the wars of the dominant country, and in the last financial, the government increased these costs to 20.354 billion euro, which is a high sum for a country that has no enemies and is not officially at war. It includes such costs only if you think that any country subjected to a colonial power is obliged to participate in imperial military spending in the country. Italians pay 41% of the cost of stationing of U.S. bases, this is a total of 366 million dollars a year. Just as
a colony, we also suffer military occupation and forced to pay it.
(....) (...) The privatization of public enterprises (railways, post offices, highways, etc..) Produced serious economic losses, deterioration in service quality and increased cost to the user. Sell \u200b\u200boff public assets is not just impoverish the country (which loses the profits of the companies sold and is also forced to finance them), but also weaken the government. For example, the Minister of Economic Development Pier Luigi Bersani has touted her as an important reform that eliminates the cost of recharging the phone cards, but without saying that the government had no power to prevent the amount of charge was reinstated by the tariff increase. Within a few days, some telephone companies changed their pricing plans, so as to guarantee the same revenue they had previously.
This is a clear example of how privatization steal their money and power to the entire community, forcing people to submit to the overwhelming power of private companies. If our ministers were really defending the interests of citizens, against the corporations and banks, would be immediately referred to the 'order' by the EU and the U.S..
The privatization of Telecom, in October of 1997, allowed a group of entrepreneurs and banks to seize company, and the Treasury was only 3.5%. The plan for control of Telecom had been designed by Merrill Lynch, the American Banking Group of Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette and Chase Manhattan Bank. After ten years of privatization, the budget was disastrous from all points of view: more than 20,000 people were made redundant, the shares had lost a lot of money to investors, the costs for users were increased and the company was losing money.
Damage to the privatization of Telecom were not only financial, but also for the quality and safety of the service. The privacy of citizens is not in any way protected, and the scandals of the last years have tried.
Today the company is badly reduced, and the titles actionist oscillate. Three big banks, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and UBS can raise or lower any capacity, having 70% in the hands of speculative credit world, and being able to spread news that affect the behavior of investors. Manipulating the value of the shares, it affects the performance of the company, which allows banking giants prepare the ground in order to appropriate, as is happening with Alitalia.
Pirelli opened exclusive negotiations with the giant American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & T), which belongs to a group of bankers, who this year won a contract in the U.S. rich public, to manage the telecommunications sector, and provide services to 135 of 184 federal agencies, along with Qwest and Verizon. Negotiations with AT & T and America Movil will last until April 30, then Generali and Mediobanca will have 15 days to exercise their right of first refusal.
do not know yet if it will be AT & T to get hold of one of the most important companies of our country, but we already know what will happen after the sale: there will be redundancies, increase the cost to the user, the quality of service will always be poorer, emerging from time to time lawlessness, which revealed the possibility of control over every citizen.
who doubts that today's Italy has characteristics of colonial nature try to write a letter to the Italian authorities to demand explanations on bank debt and seigniorage, on privatization, on the territorial sovereignty of Italy or on nuclear warheads. Will not get any clear answer, thorough and honest (if ever were to receive some type of response), and this will be a proof that our authorities are in the service of banks and international corporations, and subject to, the rights of Italian citizens, as happens in the colonies.
Antonella Randazzo www.disinformazione.it

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Formulas: Formulas and-TM

practices deliberative U.S. thanks to new technologies, have evolved considerably, allowing many people to meet, even in different locations to discuss and express themselves about public policy. Recently, testing a new version of TM, which offers some innovative features in terms of technology
adopted: the Electronic Town Meeting [e-TM].
method "electronic town meeting" [e-TM] allows you to mix the benefits of discussion for small groups, with those of a survey aimed at a broad audience.
In this way, 'alternating between moments of discussion and moments of individual voting allows you to produce the outcome of the discussions of applications to be submitted immediately to the assembly. In the e-TM are held in succession three different phases, to facilitate the participants in the treatment of the topics under discussion:
1. a first phase of information and analysis through the contributions of
documents and experts;
2. a second round of discussion in small groups;
3. a third phase in which the themes summarized and returned in the form of questions are offered to participants who can therefore make a direct voting individually with the keypad (polling keypads).
This model of deliberative democracy is now recognized internationally, and this method is becoming popular now in many contexts. The U.S. approach has been used in situations different in Europe and has been tested, but small scale and not open to the public. The first time was in Italy in Turin in September 2005, before the Winter Olympics: two thousand Italian and foreign students met to discuss the major issues in the world. Through the town meeting
elettronic technology is put at the service of participation, in practice, a review of those cyber public meetings and assemblies of citizens, the bridge between representative democracy and direct democracy. A great example of e-TM in 4000 with the tele-voting New Yorkers have expressed their views on the best reconstruction project for the area of \u200b\u200bthe Twin Towers.
continues

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of participatory democracy: Town Meeting

Continuianamo disquisition on the methods of participatory democracy, speaking today of the Town Meeting, a particular form of Local Government, practiced ease and regularity, in the northeast U.S., in the region called New England (Vermont, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island and Massachusetts), the first area colonized by the British in the USA. Town Meeting I have a story that has more than 300 years, currently being implemented in smaller towns of 6000 inhabitants, but this does not preclude the larger cities, at any time, to switch to a representative form of Town Meeting. These town meetings are held usually once a year, traditionally the first Tuesday in March, basically, start to finish in the morning and early afternoon. Each city regulates these Assemblies participate on their own discretion, therefore, in proceedings of Town Meeting, have evolved many different forms. The most common form of Town Meeting, open to the participation and the vote of citizens, the Open Town Meeting, which seems to be active in at least 1000 cities, in this formula are parties may participate in all citizens entitled to vote, decisions binding for administrators. We discuss all the issues that concern the administration of the city, starting from the purchase of suppelletili, the entire city budget, deciding assign as education, roads, health. A Town Meeting is preceded by a notice exhibited in public places, at least 1 month before and that shows the location and time of 'meeting with all the listed topics to be discussed. The turnout varies widely, depending on the size of the city, the average is 20.5% (participation in local votes in the rest of the U.S., when performed alone, unaccompanied or state presidential voting, sometimes coming at rates well below 10%), but the smaller ones you get at 80% equity. You choose at the beginning of 'the moderator of the meeting' meetings, but generally, though not a rule, is that of the previous year '. During the Town Meeting are also elected selectmen, or administrators who will implement the decisions taken during the day. The Shareholders 'Meeting takes place in an orderly manner, following established rules and codes of conduct agreed with, the citizens' will follow that last an average of one minute, although there is no time limit, the length is adjusted simply by habit and from the habit of being concise. The moderator reads the items to 'agenda and, consequent, the proposals recommended by the directors in office. Then seek the opinion of those present, if no one raises his hand, the point is considered approved. Who intervenes, usually, it does ask for clarification or to propose an amendment in this case who does the amendment must be supported by the support of other citizens (the number varies from city to city). If the amendment is submitted, the moderator is to start a discussion in which everyone can participate. The vote takes place, often through the voice, the moderator asked who 's agreement to say yes, that' s agreement to say no. With the outcome clearly and without doubt, we proceed with the next point, otherwise you vote by raising hands, without a proper count. If the situation is still not clear, it goes on the ballot, by secret ballot on a piece of paper written and delivered in a box on the board of the moderator, who, after making the statement. The town meeting was a remarkable story, this has allowed the development of procedures that have made them fast and productive.
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Formulas of participatory democracy: The methods of participatory democracy

formula longer participating in the note, which was inspiring for new experiences, it certainly is the political transformation experienced in Porto Alegre (Participatory Orçamento in Italian "participatory budget"), which carries germs potentially revolutionary: the renunciation of the political class to large slices of the privileges inherent in his decision making, attention to vulnerable and minority economic, ethnic, sexual and cultural, the momentum to develop citizens with strong critical consciousness the actions of their elected officials.
We see a little but the European context.

At European level the largest experiment in participatory democracy is surely the French CNDP (Cationale Commissions du Débat Public). The CNDP is an independent body based national "soul" of public debates on issues primarily related to the great questions of administration or public works. The CNDP is composed of a series of CPDP (Particulières Commissions du Débat Public) that are created specifically for each file open. The CNDP has to decide within two months from the date of the various instances of participation that can differ depending on the case. The
CNDP has at its disposal several options: It can organize its own initiative, a public debate by giving the organization a CPDP created to 'end, entrust the organization of public debate to the person concerned or refer the person directly involved in the discussion mode boobies of public debate.
In the first two cases, those who managed the public debate has two months to establish the
issues of debate and organization. The debate is developed in four months,
that may be raised to six by the CNDP in exceptional cases, at the end of the debate's organizers
draw up a report that is used as a guideline for a final decision
. In Europe there are also significant experience of the so-called "citizens' juries" on this however, we will discuss later.
We also look to the Italian context
The first Italian city to have a statute that is binding on the council approving a
participatory budgeting was the Immanuel Parish Hall, located in the province of Milan
, with 17,000 population. The structure that was given to the preparation of financial statements
is divided into three phases, the same structure that has been broadly adopted in many other
participatory budgeting, Novellara, Modena, Piacenza, Pescara, San Benedetto del Tronto, Udine
etc. . We find a first phase of listening to the citizens through the collection of proposals ol'emersione needs of citizens, this according to the different realities shall be examined in different ways: it goes by the assemblies of specific proposals to build boards. A second step is the screening of proposals, feasibility through tables with a national or municipal offices affected directly by the third phase generates a direct vote of citizens on the specific proposals, the proposals with the most votes are taken and entered into the city budget. Unfortunately, to date, including the legal limits, not all funds in the budget are discussed through participatory forms, most of this money is devoted to the creation of public spaces such as parks, gardens and sports fields.
ultimate, in my opinion, it is rather the experience of the town of Groton (AP) where the participation of citizens in the choices of public administration has been ongoing for almost twenty years
, where talk of participation in a pure optical economic balance is less than
understatement. Groton spread participation by two specially created bodies and committees of district assemblies. The first are brought together periodically before the preparation of the budget and aim to arrive at a shared approval of this document
book so important to the community. The assemblies have
the advantage of binding to the participatory process of community and the size of
public debate, this is essential because only in such cases the private interest is overridden by
Community dimension and becomes an individual problem
common battle. The neighborhood committees instead represent the size of the permanent
participation of citizens, they have a duty to monitor the status of implementation of
collective choices and possibly make new requests. The committees also have the task of preparing for the debate
meeting which also agreed with the dates
government and not least also play an important role
information to the community. How much was born in Tuscany, the first regional law on participation, we have already spoken, but one thing should be added to what has been said, the law on the participation of Tuscany has built through participation (in Marina di Carrara, example, was held a town meeting on this topic) to which the citizens have responded actively redando, for example, the preliminary document of the law, after an initial step in the Regional Council, was, further discussed by participants at the town meeting.
(continued)

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Formulas: Basic principles of participatory democracy

Before coming to illustrate some of the most popular formulas participatory reorganize a speech of illustration, perhaps already intrappreso in these pages, but still useful to clarify some basic concepts.

The functioning of modern democracies.
In our system the citizens entitled to vote, delegate, on a regular basis, some of them, which will have the task of representing the government of the country. In this way they give up their political autonomy, in exchange for his freedom in the private sphere. The representative style democracy has seen a remarkable expansion in the twentieth century, for if they were in 1926 twenty-nine countries could claim democratic credentials, although they went down dramatically to twelve in 1942, after the defeat of Hitler and the collapse of the communist bloc, some seventy of one hundred twenty-seven UN member countries, can now be considered, in principle, representative democracies.
Despite the very positive development that came with this transfer is to be noted however that the space given in theory and in practice the city is minimal. The government and the decisions are exclusive exercise of the government, the citizen's task is simply to go to the polls to elect a regular basis. It is therefore lacking in many cases the nature of this first form of government, popular sovereignty, not by the will of elected representatives as to the impossibility of implementation due to the dire shortage of organs and instruments prepared listening to the public. In modern society and its government institutions lack the glue necessary to convey the widespread feeling of community on which the very idea of \u200b\u200bnation ed'appartenenza a 'single community: an inevitable result of the widespread lack of connections and consequent mistrust setting-up national dialogue.
The path described so far leads to the search for a new democratic idea, almost a hybrid of the two hitherto existing forms - direct and representative democracy - the new institution is called participatory democracy.

Vie alternatives through participation
We already wrote that if in Italian, means deliberate or decide to approve, the English "to deliberate" means to discuss and decide by common consent the deliberative adjective referring to democracy, comes from this meaning . The forms of participatory or deliberative democracy
have the ultimate aim to mediate between citizens and institutions, highlighting the eyes of the latest needs and requests of the first. You do not want to deprive the institutions of their duties, but to provide an additional tool for better governance. This is how the world laws that aim to regulate the instruments of participation. Tools, methods and rules that help the process of participation in public life and are aimed to provide the public bodies that are recognized and accredited through which to make their voices heard and participate in the choices of the government,
mainly, but not necessarily (I say), Local. Continue

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Formulas

Rearrangement of new ideas, and leave for a new path of Painting of participatory democracy, and its formulas. Now we have accepted that this is a new way of living the democratic processes, which is spreading like wildfire around the globe and takes in all aspects of reality and always originai and different paths.
Participatory democracy acts as the primary goal is to involve citizens directly in some of the choices of government, and in particular those that directly concern them more closely.
deliberative or participatory democracy tries to find a middle way between the already weak form of representative democracy el'inattuabile form of direct democracy without succumbing to populist and illusory solutions.
I see in participatory democracy can be a push for renewal to rebuild and regain social cohesion and lost a tie-up is not a national of that memory out of focus.

A brief analysis of the concept proposed by those who have more knowledge in paticolare attention because of me ... the last lines
taken from "The democracy that is not" Paul Ginsborg, Einaudi
"The English adjective deliberative (deliberative), referring to democracy, embodies the dual meaning to discuss and decide. In 'arena deliberative citizens are called not only to debate with each other or with politicians, but to play a significant role in decision making. It is central in this regard the idea of \u200b\u200barriving at decisions involving all the stakeholders or their representatives. The method used is the discussion contained in a structured environment of collaboration, based on adequate information and a plurality of views, with specific time limit within which to reach decisions. Ideally, deliberative arenas contribute to people feeling informed and involved, not isolated, ignorant and powerless. Help policy makers and administrators to govern better and close the gap that too often separates them from civil society. Deliberative democracy has a number of powers. Luigi Bobbio highlights three particularly important. First, it is potentially, although not necessarily able to generate better decisions, because during the debate proceed to a redefinition of the problems and propose new solutions and mediations.
Second, the decisions become more legitimacy if derived from the process of deliberation, because it produced separately by a small group but by a multitude of people, some of which may not share the final decision, but all recognize the legality of the procedure implemented. Third in order of citation, but not of importance for our objectives, the resolution promotes civic virtues to teach people to listen, to be more tolerant and often to build relationships of mutual trust. "
George Bargna

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talk of participatory democracy: the talk of participatory democracy endorsed


Let's see which articles, constitutional and international, endorsed our desire to participate. A claim like that that participation and participatory democracy are recognized status of substantial value and are introduced in practice in legislation and administrative practice. Moreover, the guidelines set out in art. I-46 of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, declares that, in addition, and in addition to the institutions of representative democracy and the institutions of direct democracy, not only participation but also generally stronger forms of participatory democracy have a precise connection with the grassroots of democracy. We also find references to them in our Republican Constitution, there are, for example, in art. 3.2, where locates in the promotion of participation in the political, economic and social order is a general Order of the Republic and all its action, stating that "participation" is provided as a general goal of the Republic, in close union with the "development of the human person." This argument does not stand alone, it is supported by art. 2, which expresses the centrality of human rights and in the social
their complement, and Article. 1
and belonging to the people's sovereignty and its exercise, in addition, with all rights and obligations of individuals and
fundamental social formations
encoded in the first part of the Constitution. Therefore, participation becomes on the basis of Article. 3 of these and other standards, the fundamental principle of the rules and institutions repubblicane.Conseguentemente we see popular participation and direct democracy and participation at the contents of a real "personal right" in the form of a fundamental individual right, this may attributable to the traditional view which sees the 'political activity of citizens as the true expression of a fundamental right (political right).
George.

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Today, in the wake of the Latin American experience, but now also in Europe, as well as Italian, in our society (by pushing on the institutions) are becoming more learned form of participatory democracy. This location now requires the institutions to adapt, creating a formal regulation that brings to the fore the need for a legal foundation for the participation and instrumentation capable of giving her body.
Scartabbellando in the texts of law, although it is already not a little that we discuss the issue, not a real risontra legal recognition to participatory democracy, I say, "and never knows why?". Maybe some people believe that popular participation does not hold the right to be justified in the legal system. I obviously do not think so, however, clear that the right can not do everything, and particularly in this field, alone can not generate adequate practices, if you do not bring, produce solid social and political impulses and, indeed, a whole "culture" new. We will see then, in the near future to develop arguments that might be useful to those wishing to follow a clear and definite steps in the development of legislation (of different levels, from local to regional to possibly the state) on participation and participatory democracy. It should certainly clarify the issue, as it is in trouble 'approach to this issue.
So let's see what needs to be done. First, you need a work of conceptual cleansing, then we must spread the most participatory thinking, seeing, Currently, municipal and provincial level, more and more local authorities seem to want to evolve this principle, even if still minority, showing that they want to invest on an idea more and more national accreditation. Then we have, rationally, to ask what we want in reality, the models adopted so far are very different, so we have a standard of reference, but certain guiding principles, please also then a mix oxymoron, intelligent, imaginative and realistic.

Add a thought of Umberto Allegretti:
The primary theoretical basis that can be traced to the foundation of
participation and participatory democracy rooted In general
relationship between society and institutions that comply with the genetic structures of
democratic legal systems. Simply relying on the basics
proposed by the Italian normal science, which distinguishes between state-and-state apparatus
community, to outline a different relationship between the two levels in which the company is dominant. It is also convenient to refer to the doctrine, which is made of contemporary law, membership of sovereignty to the people. Both these orders of ideas in fact lead to the conclusion that the forms of democracy - taken as a concrete historical development - of course tend to be enriched in the sense to admit them as element, the highest degrees of participation.
We pay attention in the proposal, to be processed, not outsiders like me, but experts in the field, because the issue is intertwined with participatory affinities such as the role of social groups, associations, voluntary negotiation subsidiarity
the social as well as the participation in administrative proceedings and the right to access, or with other situations such as local autonomy, the articulation of different levels of government, called vertical subsidiarity, and institutions of direct democracy.

will continue the theme, George.